Jeeya_Awan

Sieć Dusk zwiększa bezpieczeństwo, łącząc kryptograficzne porządkowanie (protokół SBA), losowy wybór walidatorów i solidne obrony w całej sieci, aby zapobiec wykorzystywaniu luk przez przyszłych generatorów bloków.

• Kluczowe metody zapobiegania tym lukom obejmują:
✓ Bezpieczny losowy wybór (Bezpieczna Umowa Blokowa - SBA): Dusk używa kryptograficznego porządkowania, aby losowo wybierać walidatorów dla każdego bloku. Oznacza to, że nikt nie może z wyprzedzeniem wiedzieć, kto zaproponuje lub zweryfikuje, co zapobiega ukierunkowanym atakom na przyszłych liderów.

Succinct Attestation (SA) is the core Proof-of-Stake (PoS) mechanism of the Dusk network. It is designed to facilitate private, structured, and high-performance financial applications. This mechanism improves speed and finality, enabling instant on-chain settlement under normal circumstances without any user reorganization.

• Key innovations and features include:
✓ Commission-based security: The SA mechanism operates in rounds, using a randomly selected committee of validators to propose, validate, and confirm blocks. This ensures security without relying on energy-intensive Proof-of-stake (PoS) mechanisms.
✓ Instant finality: Unlike probabilistic networks, Dusk provides instant finality, which is crucial for the instant settlement of compliant transactions in traditional financial environments.
✓ Zero-knowledge (ZK) focus: This mechanism is designed to support private and confidential smart contracts (through the Phoenix and Zedger models). This technology enables transaction verification without exposing underlying data, ensuring regulatory compliance and privacy in institutional applications such as Real Asset Tokenization (RWA).
✓ High Performance: By employing a streamlined commission system, this technology enables rapid block creation suitable for institutional transactions, thereby reducing fragmentation and improving liquidity.
✓ Consensus and Execution Separation: This design separates the settlement layer from the execution layer, enabling it to operate in various environments such as DuskEVM.

Succinct Attestation aims to overcome the limitations of traditional non-private blockchains, achieving on-chain regulatory compliance while maintaining high-speed decentralized operation.

For instance,
Imagine university exam results. You don't need to submit all the answer sheets to prove you passed; the university only needs to provide a transcript. That transcript is enough for anyone to believe you passed.
Similarly, the Succinct Attestation in Dusk’s consensus operates by sharing a short piece of evidence confirming that multiple examiners followed the rules, without disclosing or verifying their individual examination procedures.

@Dusk #Dusk $DUSK

DUSK, blockchain warstwy 1 zaprojektowany do aplikacji finansowych chroniących prywatność, używa Kadcast jako swojego protokołu komunikacji peer-to-peer (p2p). Kadcast zastępuje tradycyjne, nieefektywne protokoły czatu podejściem opartym na Kademlii, co umożliwia szybsze, bardziej efektywne i bardziej niezawodne wdrażanie danych w sieci.

• Kluczowe cechy Kadcast:
✓ Strukturalna sieć nakładkowa: W przeciwieństwie do tradycyjnych blockchainów P2P, które używają protokołów czatu do losowego wdrażania wiadomości (co prowadzi do znacznej redundancji), Kadcast wykorzystuje oparte na Kademlii strukturalne tabele routingu do kierowania przepływami wiadomości.

• 2025 - Oficjalne uruchomienie i wczesna adopcja
Uruchomienie wersji beta Mainnet i wdrożenie infrastruktury. Wersja beta mainnet Plasma została uruchomiona 25 września 2025 roku, co zbiegło się z wydaniem jej rodzimej kryptowaluty, XPL.
Początkowy fokus skupiał się na architekturze stablecoinów, w tym na transferach USDT bez opłat, przetwarzaniu o wysokiej prędkości oraz zgodności z EVM wdrożonej za pośrednictwem klienta Reth.
✓ Budowanie ekosystemu:
Integracja emitentów stablecoinów, protokołów finansów zdecentralizowanych (DeFi) oraz dostawców płynności w celu ułatwienia aktywności sieci.

Red Stuff is an innovative two-dimensional (2D) cryptographic protocol developed by Mysten Labs for the Walrus decentralized storage network. It aims to overcome the high computational cost and bandwidth consumption of traditional Reed-Solomon (RS) cryptographic algorithms.
Compared to the computationally expensive RS method, Red Stuff offers faster encryption/decryption speeds, lower storage costs, and more efficient recovery capabilities, making it ideal for high-throughput distributed storage systems like Walrus.

• Walrus Red Stuff:
Red Stuff employs a two-dimensional approach to optimize data storage, dividing it into primary and secondary slices. It uses simple and fast XOR operations (based on fountain codes such as RaptorQ) instead of complex mathematical operations. While maintaining high fault tolerance, it achieves 4-5 times lower redundancy, allowing it to continue operating even if two-thirds of the nodes fail. If a node fails, Red Stuff requires bandwidth proportional to the amount of lost data (O(B/n)), not the entire file. Red Stuff is designed for dynamic environments with frequent node joining and leaving, making it ideal for Web3 applications.
For instance, Imagine you tear a scanned document into several pieces and give them to different friends. Even if some friends lose pieces, you can still recover the complete document because there are enough remaining pieces. Red Stuff disperses the data into multiple repeating small fragments, ensuring the data's integrity even if some fragments are lost.
• Reed-Solomon (RS) Coding:
Reed-Solomon coding is a widely used traditional error-correcting code (used in CDs, QR codes, and traditional decentralized storage systems). It relies on complex computations, such as finite field calculations and polynomial interpolation, making it slower and more resource-intensive when processing large files. When data is lost, recovery using RS typically requires collecting a large amount of remaining fragments, sometimes even all fragments, leading to high network bandwidth consumption (O(nB)). Although RS is robust, its high computational demands make it less ideal for handling large-scale, high-speed distributed storage compared to other new technologies.
For instance, Imagine you write down a phone number in a notebook and then add a few extra digits for verification. If some digits are smudged or erased, these extra digits can help you correct and recover the original number. Reed-Solomon Coding uses mathematical parity checking to recover lost or damaged data.
Red Stuff = survive by spreading many copies smartly
Reed–Solomon = survive by correcting errors mathematically

Red Stuff is essentially a “reasonable modification” and improvement to traditional erasure codes, specifically designed to address the inadequacy of data storage in decentralized networks, while Reed-Solomon represents a more classic, cumbersome, and less efficient approach to solving this problem.

@Walrus 🦭/acc #Walrus $WAL

Sybil attacks pose a serious security threat to decentralized storage networks. In such attacks, a single malicious attacker creates a large number of fake identities (nodes) to gain disproportionate control, manipulate data availability, or disrupt the voting process. Walrus addresses these vulnerabilities directly through a cost-effective architecture, making such attacks prohibitively expensive.
• Sybil Attacks in DSC:
In peer-to-peer (p2p) storage networks, Sybil attacks can have devastating consequences:
✓ Data Loss/Tampering: An attacker may claim to store data and then discard it, impersonating multiple independent storage providers.
✓ 51% Attack: By controlling a majority of identities, an attacker can suppress the voting of honest nodes, leading to censorship or manipulation of network consensus.
✓ Resource Exhaustion: Sybil nodes can disrupt the network by sending large amounts of invalid data or overloading honest nodes.

• Walrus: Design and Defense Against Sybil Attacks
Walrus is designed to be an efficient decentralized solution for storing large data blocks, aiming to address the "tragedy of the commons" and security challenges of existing protocols such as FileCoin and Arweave.
• How does Walrus mitigate Sybil attacks?
✓ Staking-Based Requirements: Walrus operates on a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) model and integrates with the SWIY blockchain. Nodes must store WAL tokens to participate in storage and receive rewards. This mandatory storage mechanism makes creating multiple fake identities economically impractical.
✓ Identify Authentication via Sui: Each storage node on the blockchain registers with a smart node, which associates its identity with validating nodes on the SWIY network. This prevents attackers from easily creating anonymous nodes.
✓ BFT Committee: Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Committee (BFT): Walrus uses a rotating committee to ensure data availability even if a large number of nodes are compromised or down.
✓ Penalty Mechanism: If a node misbehaves (e.g., fails to store data) or becomes unavailable, its deposited tokens are penalized, ensuring the operator's financial responsibility.
✓ Two-Dimensional "RedStuff" Encryption: Walrus uses a proprietary erasure cipher called "RedStuff" (two-dimensional encryption) to achieve high robustness at low cost (4-5x replication). This efficiency reduces the need for high replication strategies (up to 25x replication) used in other systems, which are more vulnerable to Sybil attacks.

•For instance,
Consider a library where each person has a locker.
A fraudster forges multiple library cards and occupies multiple lockers, even though there is only one person. This deprives the legitimate user of access.
This is a Sybil attack: one person impersonating multiple identities.
In a storage network, virtual nodes do the same thing to control storage.
The Walrus system prevents this attack by requiring the use of real, verifiable resources, thus preventing fraudulent identities from succeeding.

@Walrus 🦭/acc #Walrus $WAL

In decentralized storage, data protection methods are just as important as data storage locations. Walrus explores this issue through two distinct concepts: Full copy and Erasure coding.
• Full copy refers to completely replicating each piece of data across multiple nodes. This method is simple, robust, and easy to verify. Even if multiple nodes fail, the data remains immediately available. This method offers the highest reliability and minimal reconstruction complexity, but at the cost of requiring larger storage space and higher redundancy.
• On the other hand, erasure coding divides data into blocks and distributes them across the network using mathematical security mechanisms. The original data can be reconstructed using only a subset of these blocks. This significantly reduces storage costs and improves scalability, but increases the complexity of recovery and repair.

✓ Walrus favors full copy for persistent, high-quality data. Why?

Because Walrus prioritizes:
✓ High availability guarantees, convenient data access and verification and long-term durability, eliminating the risk of data reconstruction. While erasure coding excels in cost-effective large-scale storage, Walrus prioritizes trust, permanence, and censorship resistance, with full data backup being particularly outstanding in these areas.
In short: Erasure Coding → Complex yet efficient storage recovery
Walrus→ Higher cost, but higher security
When data integrity is paramount, Walrus chooses security.

• Significance of Full Replication (Traditional Storage)
The entire file is copied multiple times and stored on different nodes. Now the question arises how it works?
If the replication factor is 3, the same complete file will be stored on 3 different nodes. For instance, Suppose you upload a 1GB research PDF file.
Node A → Stores the complete 1GB file
Node B → Stores the complete 1GB file
Node C → Stores the complete 1GB file
✓ Availability: High
✓ Storage Cost: Very expensive (1GB of data requires 3GB of storage space)
✓ Scalability: Poor performance after scaling
If one node fails, other nodes can still access the file.
Now look at Erasure Coding (Algorithm used by Walrus)
The file is divided into multiple parts + a parity check part; only one part is needed to recover the complete data. Here the question arises also that how it Works?
The file is divided into 'k' data parts.
An additional 'm' parity parts are added.
Only k parts are needed to rebuild the file.
Example Format: 10 data parts + 4 parity parts = 14 parts
For instance, Suppose you have a 1GB research PDF file. It is divided into 10 parts (100MB each). 4 parity parts are added. It is distributed across 14 different nodes.
Now:
Even if 4 nodes fail,
the entire file can still be rebuilt. 🎯
✓ Availability: Very High
✓ Storage Cost: Approximately 1.4GB instead of 3GB
✓ Fault Tolerance: Strong
✓ Scalability for Large Data
• Why Choose Walrus Erasure Coding?
Walrus is designed for long-term, highly reliable decentralized storage. Suitable for:
✓ Data must remain intact even if the contract fails.
✓ Scaling costs must be kept low.
✓ Availability must be guaranteed through encryption.
✓ Erasure encryption provides a level of security comparable to duplication, but at a lower cost.

So, the efficiency of Walrus Protocol is practically proved.
@Walrus 🦭/acc #Walrus $WAL